Writing: Fundamentals
Abbreviations, and Indentation
Prewriting
Quiz: Writing: Fundamentals
Writing a Sentence
Types of Sentences
Combining Sentences
Connectors
Parallel structure
Quiz: Writing a Sentence
Writing a Paragraph
Paragraph Structure
Topic Sentence
Supporting Sentences
Concluding Sentence
Quiz: Writing a Paragraph
Writing a Text
Personal Profile
Describing
A Day in My Life
Quiz: Writing a Text
Writing an Email
Informal Email
Formal Email
Quiz: Writing an Email
Other Types of Writing
Review and writing a complete text
Biography
Closing
Quick Recap and Conclusion
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Fernanda Machado
Capitalization is to write the first letter of a word with a capital letter (uppercase) and the remaining letters in lowercase.
English capitalization basic rules:
The pronoun “I”: My sister and I watch TV.
The first letter of a sentence: My name is Fernanda.
Names and Titles: This is Mr. Jones.
Cities and Countries: I live in Bogotá, Colombia.
Nationalities and Languages: I am Brazilian, and I speak Portuguese.
Days / Months / Holidays: Today is Sunday, February 14th. It’s Valentine’s Day!
Abbreviations are any shortened form of a word. Two common types of abbreviations are acronyms and initialisms.
An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words. You can pronounce it as a word.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
PIN (Personal Identification Number)
LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
An initialism is an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words. You cannot pronounce it as a word.
DIY (Do It Yourself)
USA (United States of America)
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
You can form other abbreviations by removing a few letters of a single word.
Titles: Mr. Jones (Mister) / Dr. Gonzalez (Doctor)
Times / Dates: 10 am (ante meridiem) / **Jan. **(January) / Mon. (Monday)
Places: 5th Ave.*(Avenue) / Main St(Street)
Units of measurement: 20 g(grams) / 80 oz (ounces)
Be careful!
These abbreviations are only for writing. Say the complete word when speaking. Also, the punctuation may vary when using American English and British English:
American English: abbreviations always finish with a period (Mr. / Dr. / Mon. / etc.).
British English: abbreviations only finish with a period when they do not end with the same letter of the original word (Mr / Dr / Mon. / etc.).
When writing a paragraph, it is necessary to pay attention to its format. There are two formats you can use:
First-line Indent: start your writing further away from the edge of the paper. It creates a faster and also linear experience for the reader. It is common in fiction, narrative, biography, and scholarly publications.
Block: start your writing at the edge of the paper and use a margin of white space between paragraphs. In this way, the reader understands there is a new paragraph. It creates an idea of specific information in each paragraph. It is common in business guides and technical manuals.
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